“E” bikes have been around since the 1890s. But those early e-bikes were heavy, short on range, slow to re-charge, and expensive. During the last few years they have evolved into lighter, smarter versions. As goes Tesla, so goes the e-bike.

Calm, happy patients make calmer, happier surgeons. It adds up to better outcomes. Though it’s hard to prove, the more the patient helps the surgeon relax, the better the surgeon perceives the patient and the job ahead. I know, having been both the surgeon and the patient.

When tissues are injured, a cascade of events occurs. These include inflammation and the release of chemical signals to recruit new cells. Some of these cells remove damaged tissue, while others form collagen: the fibrous material that makes up skin, bones, muscles, and all connective tissue.

Note: I am a surgeon, father, husband and business owner, and I am also an American. I believe that in the current political climate, all of us have a duty to stand up for what we believe in. I also believe that a clear, straightforward, compassionate political platform is the most sensible path forward if our country is to remain a positive force in this world during the 21st century. The following is my personal declaration of what a candidate for the presidency might aspire to in the next election.

Other than hearts, livers and kidneys for that must be kept alive for immediate transplantation, any tissue that is removed from a donor or a cadaver, frozen, washed, sterilized and finally delivered to a surgeon is dead.

Metal has been used in patients since the time of Hippocrates (400 BCE) to repair broken bones and replace missing parts. The earliest metals included copper, tin or lead and often did not have the strength to last forever. Over the years, the metals we use have improved. They have become stronger and leach fewer ions into the body.

The meniscus can be compared to a gasket in a hose: If it is cut, water leaks out.

This was the dogma that all orthopaedic surgeons were taught. The holes, or divots, often enlarged over time, and arthritis of the joints—so it was believed—was the inevitable outcome.

A recent study documented that 40% of people who undergo ACL surgery experience clinically diagnosable depression. Life disruptions are a drag—especially when they put the brakes on your active lifestyle.

Pooh-poohed by most experts as money-wasting (and possibly dangerous) psychological massage, oxygen bars are nonetheless expanding their reach, from dugouts to mountain spas. Why?

Artificial intelligence is everywhere. For me, that means the operating room—and for you, the patient, it means that your surgeon is not alone.

There are now phenomenally potent tools to drive healing to a full, faster than ever recovery. You just have to use them.

While there are varying statements on how much protein a person needs each day, my observation is that those levels are far too low when you are injured or sick. And, they are probably too low to keep you from getting injured and sick.

We all do stupid things. I try not to do them too often. And I try to limit my stupid activities to those with minimal consequences.

Stay vertical on the bike. If falling, roll with the fall. And, if it ain’t broke, don’t break it.

Running is safe. No joint is injured solely by running, despite what you may have heard. Running only damages already damaged joints. You can run forever if you have healthy joints and good running mechanics.

We hurt ourselves while we push ourselves. We seek greater athletic glory at the expense of our bodies. We train through the pain, ignoring the warning signs of injury. We stop only when we can’t go on

Accuracy is one of the key measures of fitness, but it’s one that we frequently underestimate.

Frozen shoulder. How quickly can it be thawed?

The debate is always the same. “We do it the traditional way because that is the way we have always done it.” “It is safer for patients; the new ways are not time tested. And, there are more complications.”